The Comparative Study of Zahak Story in the Shahnameh with the Principles of Mani Religion
Hamidreza
Ardestani rostami
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دزفول، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دزفول، ایران
author
text
article
2021
per
In Zahak story of the Shahnameh we can see the similar principles to Mani religion: 1- As the gender of the demon of greed is female in Manichean religion, according to some signs, Zahhak, the embodiment of greed in Shanameh, is female too. 2- Two growing up snake on Zahhak's shoulders can be considered as the two female and male demons in Manichean religion: These two snakes cannot be cut, and they are growing up. 3- It is said in Manichean texts about the viper of darkness which bears much pain and death at night as the Snakes of Shahnameh kills greedily two young men every night. 4- According to Manichean texts, Hormazdbagh and his sons incorporate with darkness which is a deceiving war plot to release themselves as Armayel and Garmayel synthesize with Zahhak in Shahnameh, but Armayel and Garmayel want to save people. As the shining Christ makes aware Adam to greed, Kaveh makes aware people from Zahhak (Greed). In Manichean texts, After Mehr Izad saved Hormozdbagh from the abyss of Ahriman, He bounded Devils and vipers in mountains as Freidoon bounded Zahhak in mountain. As Ashkaloon becomes sad and ill for Gihmard's son is born, Zahhak becomes so sad when he is made aware about Freidoon's being born, and as Gihmard calls his son Lotus, Freidoon is called “Derakhte Barvar”, Fruitfull tree. Ashkoloon demolishes the tree and the cow, and Zahhak demolishes meadow and the cow which is there.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
1
26
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249237_c23075763a5072967f5216c323783720.pdf
The Diachronic Change of Short Complex Vowels and the Process of Ancient Iranian Vowel Gradation in Some Southern Baluchi Dialects
Behjat
Ghasemzadeh
Culture and Ancient Languages, Humanities and Cultural Studies Institute, b.ghasemzadeh72@yahoo.com
author
text
article
2021
per
Baluchi is one of the new northwestern Iranian languages that has the most speakers in Iran and abroad, especially in Pakistan. The point that needs to be studied about this language and its comparison with the languages of the ancient eras is the conservativeness and efforts of some of its dialects to preserve the ancient features. The present study investigates the diachronic change of two short complex vowels /ai/ and /au/ as well as the vowel gradation process of ancient Iranian in the five dialects of Dalgani, Bazmani, Bompouri, Lashari and Zerbari, and its data, which is usually collected by field method, show that these vowels in the three more central dialects of Bompouri, Lashari, and Zerbari have often become complex vowels /iǝ/ and /uǝ/; also remnants of the process of ancient Iranian vowel gradation could be seen in these dialects. A diachronic examination of the complex vowels /iǝ/ and /uǝ/ in some Baluchi dialects indicates that these vowels were also complex vowels in ancient times, thus comparing these vowels with the passive Middle Persian vowels or the Modern Persian monophthongs, which some scholars termed "compounded", is inaccurate, and reminded once again of the need to pay attention to the diachronic studies of a language alongside its synchronic studies.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
27
40
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249238_29e412648c9bb1f4a46773958252fcbd.pdf
A Study in the Word-Formation of non-Copulative Compounds in the Avestan Language: The case study Mihr Yašt
Mitra
Rezaei
Faculty of Literature, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
author
text
article
2021
per
Words represent different languages and when they are disappeared the language loss is happened. Words are essentially constructed from the word formation and it means it is a process which repeatedly increases the number of words in a language and produces the words in different methods. In other word if the morphs are combined and the new words are made, that is a word formation. This process is very creative in the ancient Iranian languages especially Avesta language. MihrYašt is one of the important and old Yašts in Avesta which the special characteristic of Yašts can be seen in it. It is a second long Yašt so it has a wide and varied range of the words and that helps us to study the language much better. This method could help us to word formation in Persian language today. In this article, first it is briefly described the different methods word formation in Avesta language and then the compound words in Mihr Yašt are studied.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
41
55
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249239_8b7df8f2c81eaf5cdc513bceaf9af25b.pdf
Two newly discovered Elamite bricks in the Susiana plain
Sina
Abaslou
author
Manouchehr
Pourmirza
Student of Archaeology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
author
text
article
2021
per
This essay is on exploring and reading two newly discovered Elamite bricks that were accidentally discovered by the authors in the spring of 2019 at the ancient hilltops of Dehno and Choghazanbil. The bricks are currently held in the World Heritage base. The first inscribed brick is written in Akkadian language but its writing system is the Middle Elamite and after more assessments, it was found that it belongs to the “Igi-hatet” king of the Middle Elam era (classical) this brick is similar to all the brickworks found in the Dehno Khuzestan plateau. This brick inscription refers to the rebuilding of the temple of Goddess Manzat by “Igi-hatet”. The second brick found at Choghazanbil, and based on the epigraphy and stylistic we assume that it belongs to “Untash-Napirisha”, it is written in Middle Elamite script and language and refers to the construction of a high temple. Both bricks have been broken and badly damaged, and belong to the damaged and incomplete fragments.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
57
70
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249240_2eb9c1f05ae021ea8ee401daed1d2552.pdf
Comparing a Talmudic narrative with Arda-Viraz-Namag
Azadeh
Ehsani
PhD in Religion, Concordia University, Canada
author
text
article
2021
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In recent years a new realm of studies has emerged among the Talmudists that examines Talmud in its Iranian context. This area of research leads to the emergence of a rather new field called Irano-Talmudica. However, Iranian Studies scholars- especially Scholars from Iran- are somehow absent in this new field. Even though, Iranologists would contribute to the field from a point of view that is surely different from the Western Talmudists' perspective. This article is a comparative study between Gittin 56b-57a and Arda-Viraz-Namag. The present article's approach unlike the common approach among Irano-Talmudica scholars -that is examining Talmudic narratives in their Iranian context- is to look at the possibility of the composition of Arda-Viraz-Namag based on the Talmudic narrative from Gittin. This new approach needs to find its way into Irano-Talmudica Studies as well, and the influence of Talmudic- or even Jewish- narratives on Middle Persian source materials need to be examined by Irano-Talmudica scholars.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
71
86
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249241_c86f2acbe9e25f8faee685fe6655349e.pdf
A study in Iranian theater with a focus on the Avesta’s 29th Yasn and its similarities to Taziye
Simindokht
Goodarzi
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
author
text
article
2021
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In the introduction and description of the 29th Yasn of Avesta, which is one of the most significant and complicated sections of Gāhān, some of Avesta experts indicated that it would appear to have characteristics of a play. However, there are not any consequentially considerable or noteworthy research, nor justification nor any rationalization to this claim. In this article the writer describes various definitions of a play in general and the history of play in Iran with refer to the subject. She would systematically explore the subject, the title, its style of writing and the story telling through the dialogues spoken by the characters of the story. The writer tries to identify the distinctive characteristic features on the basis of a variety of different plays and by exploring and thoroughly studying some of the Old Persian books and texts. According to the theme of this text, the 29th Yasn of Avesta is reckoned a kind of Taziye which probably performed in the ancient era. Originally Taziye is a kind of play with roots in the ancient Persia's customs, myths and ritual performances. In this research the writer tries to find out some similarities between Iranian Taziye and the 29th Yasn of Avesta.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
87
102
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249242_6a5061b553918d18de6c25a4b722b76a.pdf
Puruša (Persian Translation and Vocabulary Description) and Its Comparison with Kiyomars Myth
Mina
Kambin
institute for Humanities and Cultural studies
author
text
article
2021
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Puruša is the first giant who is sacrificed and the world is formed from the pieces of his body. His myth can be found in 90 ͭ ͪ hymn of 10 ᵗ ͪ Mandala of the Rig-Veda. It is an Indian creation myth which is similar to Kiyomars (Gayō.marǝtan) and his sacrificial myth and creation of human beings from his semen. Puruša who is a thousand-headed and thousand-eyed being, and as big as all human beings and Gods, is sacrificed by Gods to form all cattle, forests, villages, verses, chants and ceremonies. All Brahmans, warriors, businessmen, and farmers come into being from his body pieces. This hymn contains 16 stanzas. The hymn of Puruša is translated to Persian in this article, then its important words are analyzed in grammatical and etymological aspects, then the similarities and differences of two myths of Puruśa and Kiyomars (Gayō.marǝtan) is described by comparing them.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
103
120
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249251_797a3e9c97ca16246cc600d00e0efc4d.pdf
Description of the Verbal System in Behdini Dialect of Kerman
Armita
Farahmand
Ancient Iranian Languages, Velayat University, Iranshahr, Sistan and Baluchistan, Iran, armita601@gmail.com
author
Shima
Jafari Dehaghi
Assistant professor, Ancient Iranian Languages, Velayat University, Iranshahr
author
mohamad hadi
Fallahi
Assistant professor, Linguistics, Regional Information Center for Science and Technology, Shiraz
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text
article
2021
per
Behdini dialect is one of the central dialects of Iran also known as Dari or Gavruni. This dialect has two varieties, Yazdi and Kermani, which in contrast to many similarities, have some differences. There seems to be many loan words and religious terms from Avestan and Middle Persian in this dialect. In the present research, the verbal system in Behdini dialect of Kerman has been studied. Using questionnaire and indirect elicitation techniques the data has been gathered and recorded, analyzed and studied. Sentences for each verb has been gathered in order to show an example for the use of the verb. The results show that the main important characteristic of the verbal system in this dialect is that it has retained ergativity in the past tense of verbs. Also, there are some special characteristics for the structures of present and past stems and the infinitive is made using the suffix “-mon”.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
121
151
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249254_c03ae49238016c016c1422f3af344bd4.pdf
A Study on the Philosophy and the Mythology of Zurvān and Zurvānite Cosmology Based on Three Pahlavi Texts:
Marjan
Keyvanpour
M.A. in Ancient Iranian Culture and Languages, Instructor at Shiraz University of Applied Science and Technology
author
text
article
2021
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Zurvānīsm is a religious movement in the history of Zoroastrianism which was existed in ancient Iran since long time ago. In this cult Zurvān (the god of time) has a leading role. According to its cosmology, Zurvān is known as the Supreme Lord and father of Ohrmazd and Ahriman; that he gives them the power of creation of the world. Zurvānism is a hypothetical religious movement that according to some scholars it is based on the Zoroastrianism. This study is trying to study the mythological history of Zurvānite cult and explain Zurvān and Zurvānīsm cosmology based on the three Pahlavi texts: Bundahišn, Gozīdahā-ye Zādsparam and Mēnōg-i Xrad; in order to know more the doctrine of this ancient cult of Iran.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
153
174
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249256_dfcb41e03ea084394cd027c7e11f20b1.pdf
A Survey of Praying in Manichaeism based on 3 Middle Persian Texts
Rahilah
Kheradmand
author
text
article
2021
per
Manichean prayers are mostly in Middle Persian and Parthian. These extant prayers are mainly about the rescue of Light and salvation of man’s soul mingled with darkness and ignorance. Manichean prayers are often poetic and were recited as hymns along with composed music in specific halls allocated to prayer in Manichean temples (mānēstān). Considering these prayers, we can find out that Manichean prayers have both Personal and social aspects. Manichean daily prayers were practiced both individually and socially with special ceremonies and customs. This article aims to review the concept and place of prayers in Manichaeism through the case study of three Manichean manuscripts. In this article via applying descriptive-analytic method, I have studied 3 Middle Persian Manichean prayers: Mb, M20 and M174. The study of these prayers reflects that the Manichean prayers generally contain the fundamental principles of Manichean thoughts and mysticism. Contents such as the opposition of Light and Darkness, the salvation of captive spirit or Light, human redemption, prayers to the father of Greatness, asking for the help from gods and seeking for the savior are the main issues stated in Manichean prayers. The prayers are sometimes in the form of advice or sometimes are expressed as a request.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
175
196
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249257_07ce50b9fd1bb2586a67a7b570457d41.pdf
Epistemology of dreams in Mazda'i thought
nader
shokrollahi
department of islamic education of literature and humanities university of kharazmi
author
mortaza
tahami
,Professor assistant Department Of History,Faculty Of Literature & Humanities,University Of KHarazmi
author
text
article
2021
per
Paying attention to the importance of dreams has its roots in the long history of mankind and is one of the indisputable sources of knowledge in religions. The subject of this paper is which role has the dream played in Mazdeyasn'i thought. Research shows that one of the oldest religions that its religious texts mentioned dreams and explained its importance in proving religious claims is Zoroastrian religious texts. Numerous dreams have been mentioned in Mazdeyasn'i texts, which show that this divine religion, like all major religions, paid attention to dreams and based on them, important issues such as the legitimacy of the Prophet of Zoroastrianism. This attention to the dream, which continues in divine philosophies and mystical texts, points to the need to pay attention to that important human event. The inattention to the dream by scholars of the history of religions and scholars of religious texts is an oppression to this epistemological source. In the contemporary period, research on dreams has been assigned to some scientific disciplines, which have completely emptied it of the content of transcendental knowledge and reduced it to psychological and neural activities. Referring to the importance of dreams in religious texts is a step to serious reflection on this Mystical intuition and source of knowledge.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
197
212
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249258_3ee681a40169935be32b057c2e0f3a51.pdf
Time of Zarathushtra
Mostafa
Saadat
Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University,, Shiraz, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Today, we have not much information about the life of Zarathushtra, the great Iranian prophet, for example, we do not know the exact time and place of his birth. The purpose of the present study is to find the life time of Zarathushtra, using the information contained in the national epic, Athar al-baqiya (History of Ancient Peoples) of al-Biruni and the Mojmal ol-Tavarikh va al-Qesas. Here, it is showed that 345 to 390 years is related to the era of the Medes and Achaemenids which have been removed from the national epic of Iran. Considering the period of the reign of the Kian dynasty kings from Goshtasb to Dara, the omitted period belongs to the Median and Achaemenid eras, and given that Alexander conquered the Achaemenids in 330 BC, the birth of Zarathushtra was estimated from 975 to 1020 BC. The present finding differs from the traditional history of Zoroastrian religion mentioned in the book of Arda Viraf (a Zoroastrian religious text of the Sasanian era written in Middle Persian) and Bundahishn, (a very important encyclopedic collection of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology), by about four centuries. It should be noted that the difference is equal to the period that deleted from Iranian national epic.
Ancien Culture and Languages
مؤسسه پژوهشی فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی یادگار باستان
2716-9901
2
v.
1
no.
2021
213
225
https://www.aclr.ir/article_249259_2cf27270ebb8a963cbf0312a68aae453.pdf